Interferon-gamma or IFN γ or is a human dimerized soluble protein encoded by the IFNG gene. The biologically active IFN γ is an interlocking anti-parallel form of two monomers. IFN γ is the sole member of the type II IFN group. IFN γ binds to the IFN-γ receptor complex to elicit a cellular signal. Two subunits, IFNGR1 and IFNGR2, make up the IFN-γ receptor complex. IFN γ plays a crucial role in innate and adaptive immunity. It inhibits viral replication, fights against bacteria, and modulates and stimulates the immune system.
When you look up “What is Interferon Gamma?” you may come across its former name, immune interferon.
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We, at NorthEast BioLabs, perform IFN γ assays including the interferon gamma release assay, mouse interferon gamma ELISA, gamma interferon test, and interferon gamma assay test to suit your desired testing parameters. These assays and tests are done via Luminex, MSD, and ELISA. In this, in vitro quantitative colorimetric detection assays, we detect human plasma or serum, cell culture, cell culture supernatant, cell lysates, and tissue lysates. Following is an ELISA protocol that uses the interferon gamma protein in the Sandwich-Based Technique.
We begin with a 100 μl sample or standard in each well precoated with antibodies against IFN γ. We then incubate it for 2.5 hrs at room temperature (RT) or overnight at 4 ℃. Biotin antibody is introduced in each well and incubated for 1 hr at RT. We then add 100 μl of Streptavidin-peroxidase solution to each well and incubate it for 45 mins at RT. This is followed by 100 μl TMB One-Step Substrate reagent for coloring and again incubated for 30 mins at RT. We then add 50 μl of Stop Solution to each well at the end of the reaction. The samples are read at 450 nm immediately.
This Quantitative Sandwich assay has a detection range of 15000 pg/ml to 15 pg/ml with a sensitivity of 15 pg/ml.
IFN γ has received mixed therapeutic responses. Cells express recombinant human IFN γ in different systems including protozoan, prokaryotic, fungal, insect, and mammalian cells. ACTIMMUNE, a marketed human IFN γ is not glycosylated and has a short half-life post-injection in the bloodstream. The purification system from the bacteria is also expensive, making it a costly biopharmaceutical.
IFN γ is still not an approved drug in cancer immunotherapy. IFN γ studies including interferon gamma assay test, interferon gamma ELISA, mouse interferon gamma ELISA, and interferon gamma release assay have observed improved survival in patients with melanoma and carcinoma cancers. IFN γ has shown promising results in stage 2 and 3 ovarian carcinoma patients. Studies have observed that CD8-positive secretes IFN γ that up-regulates PD-L1 in ovarian cancer cells and enhances tumor growth. Invitro IFN γ cancer studies report anti-proliferative activity that causes cell death or inhibits cellular growth.
Exciting research is undertaken on IFN γ. Explore more about IFN γ with the following references.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00847/full
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/interferon-gamma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4154595/
https://www.pnas.org/content/114/33/E6867
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/jir.2018.0087
How long do you think it takes for a new drug to get approved in the US? About 12-15 years, that’s roughly 1/3rd duration of the entire professional career for any of us. Next, how much investment do you think is required to bring a new drug to market?
Once cells express IFN γ, it activates the macrophage and induces Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression. Studies have associated abnormal interferon gamma structure or IFN γ expression with several autoimmune and auto-inflammatory diseases. Because of its antiviral, immunomodulatory, and immunostimulatory effects, the interferon gamma inducing factor of IFN γ plays a vital role in immune system responses. As part of innate immune response, as studied in interferon gamma release assays, natural killer cells and natural killer T cells produce IFN γ, and as part of the adaptive immune response, CD4 Th1 and CD8 cytotoxic T-lymphocytes produce IFN γ.
Research with mouse interferon gamma ELISA has shown that IFN γ facilitates transcription of 30 genes involved in physiological and cellular responses.
Some fundamental effects of anti-interferon gamma antibodies are: